How long is a cardiac cardiogram valid before surgery?

What is an ECG?

The procedure is a type of research in which changes in electrical potentials are recorded. The basis for this technique was the natural electrical impulses of the heart, which originate in the sinusoidal node and provoke contractions of myocardial cells. These impulses travel further throughout the body, so a comprehensive study helps to get a general idea of ​​the condition of the heart muscle.

The procedure itself has a number of advantages:

• short duration,
• information content,
• painlessness,
• non-invasiveness.

This study is safe for humans, so even pregnant women can carry it out without fear.

Procedure

How is an ECG performed?,

what if the appointed time has come?

You will be asked to remove your outer clothing so that nothing obstructs access to the chest, and free your lower legs. The places where the electrodes will be attached will be treated with alcohol, and a special gel will be applied to them.

The next stage comes down to attaching the cuffs and suction cups. They are fixed on the arms, ankles and chest. Ten electrodes will track the heart rhythm and give an encrypted result.

Interpretation of the results will be effective if the patient has followed all instructions for preparing for the ECG

The heart plays the role of an electrical generator. Body tissues have a high degree of electrical conductivity, which makes it possible to detect the electrical impulses of the heart by applying electrodes to areas of the body. The readings of biopotentials are processed by an electrocardiograph and provides data in the form of a summary picture - the distribution of excitation signals throughout the muscle in a graphic image. More specifically, the difference in electrical voltage.

The spread of the impulse throughout the parts of the heart is facilitated by depolarization of myocardial cells , during which some of the cells acquire a positive charge, the other part - a negative one. This is how a potential difference arises. In the case of complete depolarization (contraction) or repolarization (relaxation) of the cell, no voltage difference is noted. The device records EMF—electromotive force of the heart.

After an ECG is performed, the doctor gets an idea of ​​the functioning of the organ and any abnormalities.

An electrocardiogram can reveal:

• arrhythmia
• ischemia
• myocardial infarction

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Carrying out an ECG: indications and important points

In addition to the standard medical examination, which should be carried out every year, there are a number of other circumstances that require a cardiogram. This list includes:

• serious infectious diseases,
• heartache,
• dyspnea,
• arrhythmia,
• pregnancy,
• excess weight.

Certain occupational risks, advanced age or bad habits also become indications for regular ECG testing. Men over 40 should pay special attention to the heart.

Taking an ECG is an integral procedure before surgery. In this case, it is important to consider the validity period of the study - for surgical intervention the shelf life is up to several days.

Preparation for laboratory tests

3. Determination of blood group and Rh factor 4. Clinical urine analysis

5. Biochemical blood test: - total protein - creatinine - urea - bilirubin - ALT - AST - Glucose

6. Coagulogram: - prothrombin time - fibrinogen - APTT (APTT) - thrombin time - INR - D-dimer

DETAILS: Anesthesia for laparoscopy of ovarian cyst

7. Examination for infections: - hepatitis B - hepatitis C - HIV - syphilis

8. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, chlorides 9. ECG with interpretation 10. Fluorography for the last 12 months 11. Consultation with a therapist

1. General blood test with leukocyte formula 2. Blood clotting time and bleeding duration 3. Clinical urine test

4. Biochemical blood test: - Glucose

5. Coagulogram: - thrombin time - fibrinogen - APTT (APTT)

6. Examination for infections: - hepatitis B - hepatitis C - HIV - syphilis

7. Fluorography for the last 12 months

Home » Tests » ECG for surgery. Preparing for surgery

Conclusion about the absence of contraindications to eye surgery:

Medical examination results:

• General clinical blood test, duration of bleeding, clotting time, platelets (test period - 14 days).
• General clinical urine test (test shelf life is 14 days).
• Biochemical blood test (total protein, glucose, bilirubin, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, prothrombin index (test period - 1 month)).
• Blood test for HIV, RW, HBsAg, HCV (test shelf life is 3 months).
• ECG with interpretation (validity period - 1 month). Conclusion of chest x-ray (validity period - 6 months).

Please note! Tests have a certain expiration date and are valid only if they have laboratory stamps or a triangular seal of a medical institution. On the day of surgery, patients with test results are consulted by a staff physician at the Fedorov Clinic to ensure there are no contraindications to surgery.

If the patient has an exacerbation of chronic diseases, acute respiratory or other diseases, it is necessary to inform in advance by phone or.

How to prepare for research?

To ensure that the study result reflects the condition of the heart muscle as accurately as possible, it is recommended to adhere to the following recommendations:

• limit fluid intake the night before,
• do not eat food two hours before taking an electrocardiogram,
• exclude physical activity,
• do not drink coffee or tea the day before,
• Do not apply cream or oil to the skin.

It is best to come to the office in advance and sit for 20 minutes to bring your breathing back to normal. For your own comfort, you should wear simple, easily removable clothing.

Important! It is enough that a blouse or sweater can be easily removed; jeans (trousers) can simply be rolled up.

When discussing the ECG procedure with your doctor, specify the date you need the latest results. This will allow you to set a date for the study so that the expiration date of the new ECG meets the needs of the patient. It is imperative to report any existing heart disease.

How is an ECG performed?

In the office you will have to take off your outer clothing and expose your shins. An electrocardiogram is always done in the supine position.

The doctor will treat the skin in the places where the electrodes will be located with alcohol and apply ointment. At the next stage, the doctor will attach cuffs with electrodes to the arms and legs in the ankle area.

Photo:

The electrodes are not connected randomly, but in a certain order - for convenience, they are painted in different colors:

• red - on the right hand;
• yellow - on the left hand;
• black - on the right leg;
• green - on the left leg.

The sensors begin to be applied from the right hand, then worn clockwise. The doctor attaches several suction electrodes to the chest of the subject.

How many electrodes will be attached to the patient depends on the model of the device, usually it is 10 - 12. During the procedure, the patient must lie quietly and breathe as the doctor says.

How to prepare if they do an ECG?

It is believed that no preparation is required for an ECG. However, if this is a planned and not an emergency examination, then on this day you need to avoid stress, physical activity, and you will have to maintain complete rest.

If the procedure is done in the morning, it is better to skip breakfast. Also, the night before the procedure you need to get a good night's sleep, and you should not do exercises in the morning.

If the procedure is performed during the day, then it would be correct to limit yourself to light food that day and stop taking it 2 hours before the ECG.

Fluid affects muscle function, including the heart, so on the day you are going to have an ECG, you should limit your drinking.

Video:

You should not drink energy drinks, coffee, tea - they will stimulate cardiac activity, which will distort the ECG results.

Before the procedure, you can take a shower, but after washing you should not apply oils, creams, or lotions to your body, since the oily film on the surface of the skin will interfere with its contact with the electrodes.

When you are having an ECG, you need to relax as much as possible. Before the procedure itself, you should sit with your eyes closed and restore your breathing - an even pulse will help you get the most objective results.

How is an ECG taken?

The procedure itself is simple, but there are rules, non-compliance with which can negatively affect the result and provide false information. To ensure that the data reflects the true state of affairs, it is recommended:

• come to the procedure in a calm state,
• do not use energy drinks and other stimulants,
• Relax and don’t be nervous while recording.

Important! ECG is performed only in a calm state!

Before the procedure, the person lies down on a couch. The specialist places electrodes on certain points, having previously lubricated the area with a special conductive gel - it simplifies the detection of electrical impulses and makes the result more accurate.

The recording is kept for 10 minutes. It is stored electronically or in paper form. If the study is the patient’s initiative, then the result is delivered on the same day. Upon presentation of the referral, the sheet is sent directly to the attending physician.

This result is valid for two weeks - this period includes the day of the study itself.

How long are tests for surgery valid?

Examination before surgery on the uterus or appendages involves standard tests and additional studies. The latter include the following manipulations:

• Taking a smear of vaginal flora. The analysis allows us to identify some bacterial infections and inflammatory processes for which gynecological operations are not performed. The validity period of the smear is no more than 2 weeks;
• Cytological analysis of the cervix and cervical canal. The study is carried out to determine malignant changes in tissues before any surgical procedures. The results of the study are valid for 6 months;
• Taking an aspirate from the uterine cavity. The analysis is carried out to exclude cancer pathology in the uterus. Tests are valid for 6 months;
• Blood test for tumor markers CA 125, CA 19.9. Prescribed in the presence of cysts or tumors in the uterine appendages. The shelf life of blood for analysis is 3 months;
• Carrying out magnetic resonance imaging with contrast in the presence of a tumor helps to determine the extent of damage to the uterus and appendages, and the involvement of healthy neighboring tissues in the pathological process. The result is valid for 3 months.

Preoperative examination is an important stage in preparation for surgical treatment. It allows you to minimize the risk of complications, determine treatment tactics, and select the optimal type of anesthesia.

How many ECGs are there really?

Like any analysis or study, an ECG has its own period during which the doctor’s conclusion is valid. In general, this is two weeks. It is recommended to do an ECG last, since its result can be obtained on the day of the test, while a clinical blood test may take more than one day.

A completely different picture with planned surgery. In this case, all tests are taken as close as possible to the date of conduct. In this situation, the ECG is accurate for a couple of days. The exact expiration date is determined by the doctor. For example, weekly studies are suitable for assessing the risks of anesthesia, while interventions directly on the heart may require the shortest possible time - one or two days.

Only by adhering to the schedule recommended by your doctor can you count on actual results.

ECG interpretation

The sheet with the electrocardiogram itself is not a conclusion. To receive it, you need to take the received sheet to a cardiologist.

Important! Only a specialized doctor can make a diagnosis.

If it is temporarily impossible to consult a doctor, then you can act independently. Knowing the norms regarding teeth, intervals and segments, one can make assumptions regarding diseases. But such self-diagnosis is only a calming psychological factor. Only a doctor can take into account all the nuances of the electrocardiogram and the patient’s personal characteristics.

Conclusions are drawn based on the number of non-compliances with standards, their criticality, previously suffered diseases and chronic diseases. The psycho-emotional state of the patient must be taken into account.

According to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation”, when undergoing medical examinations, if the employee provides tests from other organizations, it is necessary to take into account.

How long does it take to get an ecg result?

The research will take a few minutes, and the same amount will be required to decipher the result.

The results are recorded on a form or directly on a graph in the form of a special abbreviation, which can be deciphered not only by the doctor, but also by the person being examined.

Heart rate is the rate at which the heart beats. The norm for an adult is considered to be 60–90 contractions per minute. The numbers indicate more or less bradycardia or tachycardia.

EOS is the name of the electrical axis of the heart, which shows the position of this organ relative to the chest. The axis can be vertical or deviated from the vertical at any degree.

Hypertension is often accompanied by left-sided deviation or horizontal axis position. In overweight people, the EOS is often horizontal, in thin people it is vertical.

Changes in EOS are always alarming: if this occurs, a more thorough examination is required after an ECG.

Flickering occurs in most people over 60 years of age. This is a heart rhythm disorder, it has no symptoms, but without treatment it can result in a stroke, as it leads to blood clots.

If the ECG reveals atrial fibrillation, the patient is prescribed antithrombotic therapy, even if the patient has not received any complaints up to this point.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8sP2nMrgC8

Sinus arrhythmia is a violation of the rhythm of contractions. There are two types of sinus arrhythmia: respiratory, which does not require treatment, and non-respiratory, which requires deeper study.

It is in order to identify non-respiratory arrhythmia that when undergoing an ECG, the doctor asks the patient to hold his breath.

Extrasystole is the name given to a painful voluntary contraction of the heart that causes an abnormal electrical signal.

This is the most common abnormality in the functioning of the heart, which is detected as a result of an ECG. Not all systoles are a sign of illness, although patients actively complain about them.

ECG is assessed according to several criteria:

1. The rhythm is correct and regular. No extraordinary contractions (extrasystoles).
2. Heart rate. Normally - 60–80 beats/min.
3. Electrical axis - normally R exceeds S in all leads except aVR, V1 - V2, sometimes V3.
4. Width of the ventricular QRS complex. Normally no more than 120 ms.
5. QRST - complex.

QRST - normal complex

Brief designation of the main elements of the film:

• P wave - shows atrial contraction;
• PQ interval is the time the impulse reaches the atrioventricular node;
• QRS complex - shows ventricular excitation;
• T wave - indicates depolarization (restoration of electrical potential).

Video about ECG norms from the Mass Medika channel.

No. 12 776 Surgeon 04/11/2014

How long does it take to get an ECG result?

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Hello, dear doctor! I present to you two ultrasound scans of the liver, done in different centers a month and a half apart. woman, 43 years old.

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Hello. Today I received the ECG results. The therapist said that everything is fine, but the phrase in the conclusion “. changes in the myocardium in the area of ​​the wall of the left ventricle.” Should I be worried and what does this mean? Thank you in advance.

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ECG effectiveness

Despite the fact that the method itself is not so new, it makes it possible to notice pathological disorders in the early stages and accurately establish the general dynamics. With a competent approach to decoding, the attending physician can identify:

• arrhythmias,
• ischemic diseases,
• myocardial hypertrophy,
• heart and vascular defects,
• other violations.

An electrocardiogram is mandatory for pregnant women, especially on the eve of childbirth - this allows you to develop a labor management plan and reduce the risks of complications.

Sometimes additional research is required to confirm the diagnosis. For example, an echocardiogram may be required to determine the size and shape of a heart defect. A karyogram is just another tool with which you can quickly and painlessly make a diagnosis.

The validity period of a particular analysis directly depends on the purpose of the analysis. In general, clinical blood tests, urine tests, and ECG results are considered valid for about 10 days, but in the preoperative period these figures are sharply reduced. Some tests are taken on the day of surgery. A cardiogram, depending on the type of operation, is done shortly before the scheduled intervention.

In any case, drawing up a plan for tests and examinations is the task of the attending physician. As the fastest test in terms of obtaining results, electrocardiography can be placed at the very end of the medical examination.

In any case, it is recommended to visit a cardiologist’s office at least once a year. Some diseases develop unnoticed, so they can only be detected during research.

How often can an ECG procedure be done?

Electrocardiographic examination is a very informative and at the same time inexpensive diagnostic method. Without causing much inconvenience to the patient, it can be used to identify various cardiac diseases. As a result of the study, an electrocardiogram graph is generated, demonstrating the details of the heart. Next, we will consider the main issues related to the ECG: how this procedure is done, how to prepare for it and what can be expected from it.

Electrocardiography is an inexpensive, accessible and quite informative research method that was invented more than a century ago. Despite such a long period of time, this invention has not lost its relevance and, moreover, continues to be improved to this day, which indicates its relevance.

Using this method, you can not only detect heart rhythm disturbances, but also assess the condition of the myocardium. Our article will tell you in detail about the features of the study and how often an ECG can be done.

ECG expiration date

After ordering the necessary tests for hospitalization, the attending physician or nurse informs the patient how to prepare for these tests.

Most blood tests are supposed to be done on an empty stomach, which means not only refusing to eat, but also drinking and smoking. That is why the optimal time to donate blood is in the morning from 8.00 to 11.00.

All tests that the patient undergoes before going to the hospital should be as recent as possible so that the current state of his health is fully reflected.

Therefore, you should not delay hospitalization after receiving all the results. If any of the available tests are out of date, the patient is not allowed to undergo surgery/hospitalization. In this case, samples must be resubmitted.

What tests should I take before surgery? Let's find out in this article. If a person is to be treated in a hospital, he will be asked to take a certain number of tests required during hospitalization and corresponding to the clinical protocols and the profile of the department in which he will be hospitalized. If a person needs surgical treatment, then the list of tests before surgery may be more extensive in order to understand whether surgical intervention is possible in the current state of the body, or whether it will require additional improvement with the help of procedures and medications. The shelf life of tests before surgery will be discussed at the end of the article.

Almost always, before referral for hospital treatment and before surgery, blood tests are prescribed. There are a number of reasons for this, such as determining the degree of dysfunction of a particular organ, examining the general state of health, or detecting the presence of infections.

If the patient has health problems that affect blood clotting, a coagulogram may be required. This blood test is done if:

• the patient is taking blood thinning medications,
• he bruises easily,
• there have been any problems during previous operations and dental procedures with bleeding in the patient or his close relatives.

The most common test performed in the laboratory is a general urinalysis. In case of kidney disease, the doctor may recommend doing an additional test (urine analysis according to Nechiporenko or sterility test).

Right before surgery, a blood test is usually required for several reasons. Determining the Rh factor and blood type. Any operation involves blood loss. And if complications arise during the operation, the blood loss may be too great, leading to the need for a transfusion of red blood cells or plasma.

In this case, it is important to know what the patient’s blood type and Rh factor are, so as not to make a mistake when performing a transfusion. The group is determined by the doctor using a small volume of blood and special equipment. serum. A blood sugar test is performed to monitor glucose levels, especially when the patient has diabetes mellitus or a predisposition to this disease.

If the operation has minimal risk, then the list of tests may be very short, or they may not be required at all, depending on the recommendations of the attending physician. The list of studies may be short for low-risk operations, such as breast biopsy or operations on small areas of skin (removing a lipoma, papilloma, etc.), etc.

If a patient is undergoing surgery, he undergoes a routine examination and tests before surgery. This will make it possible to draw a conclusion about readiness for the upcoming surgical treatment, reducing the risk of developing severe consequences and complications.

Pre-hospitalization examination involves the following tests:

• Clinical blood test.
  To obtain reliable results, it is recommended to refrain from eating for 6-8 hours before the procedure. The study is carried out 2-3 days before surgical treatment so that the doctor can assess the presence and stage of inflammation. With chronic inflammation, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases (more than 30 mmol per liter). During infectious diseases or in the presence of purulent wounds, the number of leukocytes is increased. With a reduced hemoglobin level, various complications can be expected in the postoperative period. Therefore, the patient needs a special diet and iron supplements. It is important to determine the number of platelets that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing;
• Biochemical blood test. Allows you to determine the functionality of internal organs and systems and detect serious diseases. The analysis helps determine the level of total protein in the bloodstream, ALT and AST, creatinine, sugar, bilirubin and other vital compounds;
• Clinical examination of urine. Allows you to assess the condition of the urinary system. For analysis you will need an average portion of morning urine. If proteins or a large number of red blood cells are detected in the urine, it is recommended to postpone surgery. If there is an urgent need, surgery is performed while using drugs to improve kidney function. If salts and sand are found in the urine, then additional preventive measures will need to be taken to prevent the movement of stones;
• Determination of blood group and Rh factor. This information allows you to prepare donor blood in advance to provide emergency assistance in the event of bleeding. The study is carried out once in a lifetime;
• Analysis for syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HIV infection. Checking the blood for the listed infections allows you to determine how dangerous the patient is to other patients and medical personnel;
• Coagulogram. The test is a blood clotting test to determine the risk of bleeding during or after surgery. If a low prothrombin index (PTI) level is detected, the blood clot will take too long to form. In such a case, the patient is prescribed drugs that can increase the level of clotting. If the PTI is high, the risk of developing blood clots increases. In such cases, blood thinning drugs are prescribed;
• ECG. The study allows you to assess the functionality of the heart, find out the presence of contraindications or restrictions to surgical procedures. ECG results help the surgeon determine the tactics of the operation, and the anesthesiologist - the optimal dose and nature of anesthesia;
• Fluorography or x-ray of the chest organs. Allows you to exclude the development of tuberculosis and inflammatory processes in the lungs.

Important! The shelf life of the tests varies significantly. Clinical and biochemical blood tests, coagulogram, ECG are valid for 10 days. Fluorography is performed once a year. Tests for infections are valid for no more than 3 months.

Before some surgical procedures, a standard examination of the patient is not enough. If vein surgery is to be performed, duplex scanning (Doppler ultrasound) is additionally prescribed. Before laparoscopy, you will need to perform a fibrogastroscopy to exclude pathologies of the digestive organs, and a blood test for hormones to exclude diseases of the endocrine system. Important!

If abnormalities are found during the examination, the patient is referred for additional consultation to specialized specialists: endocrinologist, cardiologist, otolaryngologist. Often, before surgery, a dental examination and sanitation of the oral cavity are prescribed. The absence of inflammatory processes in the oral cavity reduces the risk of developing infectious diseases after surgery.

A dental examination is a mandatory stage of preoperative preparation before installing metal implants. For male patients over 50 years of age, it is recommended to determine the prostate-specific antigen PSA. The study allows us to determine the presence of inflammation that can lead to the development of severe complications in the postoperative period.

How long do ECG results last and for what diseases is repeated diagnosis required? Electrocardiography (ECG), being the most informative, accessible and harmless method for studying heart activity, is one of the most popular procedures of the 21st century. This is due to the excessive prevalence of cardiac diseases among all age categories of people.

As soon as the patient, during a routine examination, receives the results of the procedure in the form of an oblong paper tape depicting graphs and digital indicators, he needs to know how long the ECG is valid. The answer to this question is very important, since the validity period of the data obtained often plays an important role when meeting with a doctor caused by various life circumstances.

In a normal situation, the results with the attached transcript are good for about two weeks, according to some sources, up to 4 weeks. If the ECG algorithm was correct and the final indicators were positive, most likely, additional sessions will not be prescribed. Moreover, with stable data, a person needs to visit a cardiologist’s office on average once a year.

Things are somewhat different when preparing for a planned surgical intervention. Non-urgent surgery always requires not only passing a range of tests, but also taking readings of the rhythm of the heart muscle. Since the ECG results in this case must be as current as possible, the electrocardiogram should be obtained as close as possible to the date of the appointment of the medical procedure.

Such a doctor’s conclusion is valid for only 2–3 days. In order to determine how long a cardiogram is valid in a particular case, first of all, you need to consult a specialist, he will be able to give a more reliable answer. When a person is urgently admitted to a medical facility, and the staff simply does not have time to conduct an ECG immediately before the operation, the patient is immediately sent to the operating room.

If the relatives brought an outpatient card on time, which contains relatively “outdated” ECG results, they will be taken as the basis for the upcoming surgical intervention. Information about the victim’s cardiac activity, which is available to loved ones themselves, may also be important.

In some cases, family history plays a decisive role in developing a plan of action. A properly established relationship between a doctor and his patient will minimize the occurrence of misunderstandings and medical “blank spots” that can aggravate the general condition of a person during his subsequent visits to the hospital caused by any ailments.

• The last meal is at least 2 hours before surgery.
• All drug therapy prescribed for concomitant pathology should be continued on the day of surgery!
• On the eve of the operation, it is necessary to remove all makeup from the face and nail polish.
• Arrival time at the clinic: 1 hour before the scheduled time of surgery.
• On the day of surgery, it is mandatory to have accompanying persons to transport patients to the clinic and back to their place of residence.

Enzyme immunoassay blood test

How long is a heart cardiogram valid?

In addition to tests, it may be necessary to undergo instrumental studies or examinations by other specialists. Most often this is ultrasound, ECG, fluorography, consultation with an otolaryngologist, ophthalmologist, therapist, dentist or doctors who are monitoring any concomitant disease of the patient (neurologist, endocrinologist, cardiologist, etc.).

It is recommended to limit liquid intake the evening before. On the day of the procedure, you should get a good night's sleep, refrain from physical activity and refrain from drinking coffee, tea and other drinks that stimulate cardiac activity.

The last meal should be no later than 2 hours before the ECG. You should also take a shower before the procedure.

However, the use of fatty creams and body oils is excluded, as they prevent good contact of the electrodes with the skin and can distort the ECG results.

Validity period of the sanatorium card: how to apply for it

Important! It is enough that a blouse or sweater can be easily removed; jeans (trousers) can simply be rolled up.

The fingers thicken in the upper phalanges, the nails become like watch glass. As the pathology develops, sputum mixed with blood appears, which signals the onset of pulmonary edema. The patient suffers from attacks of angina pectoris and arrhythmia. At the terminal stage of the disease, active tissue begins to die.

Cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker of the third generation.

Reduces heart rate and blood pressure at rest and during exercise, improves diastolic heart function, and increases cardiac ejection fraction. Reduces the frequency of angina attacks.

Improves heart rate. Stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO) from the vascular endothelium and thus has a mild vasodilator effect.

How long does an ECG last, the shelf life of a heart cardiogram

In addition to the standard medical examination, which should be carried out every year, there are a number of other circumstances that require a cardiogram. This list includes:

• serious infectious diseases;
• heartache;
• dyspnea;
• arrhythmia;
• pregnancy;
• excess weight.

The results of the electrocardiogram are a paper tape with a graphic display of the processes of contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. Decoding an ECG is a detailed analysis of the resulting curve, based on the study of its waves, intervals and segments, their duration, position relative to each other and other parameters.

In addition, it is advisable to use a Holter if the patient has congenital heart defects, both unoperated and operated, or if he has suffered a myocardial infarction; to evaluate the performance of a pacemaker; in all cases of acute and chronic heart failure.

Symptoms: excessively low pulse, arterial hypotension, acute heart failure, bronchospasm. Treatment is carried out in the intensive care ward under the strict supervision of a doctor. What measures are taken: gastric lavage, activated charcoal, laxatives. If necessary, administration of atropine, catecholamines, artificial ventilation.

In this case, it is important to know what the patient’s blood type and Rh factor are, so as not to make a mistake when performing a transfusion. The group is determined by the doctor using a small volume of blood and special equipment. serum. A blood sugar test is performed to monitor glucose levels, especially when the patient has diabetes mellitus or a predisposition to this disease.

Some doctors, when installing a holter for their patients, ask them to keep an activity diary during the 24-hour examination. This diary should record everything that affects cardiac activity: sleep, medication, movements, etc. This is not always necessary.

Holter 24-hour cardiac ECG monitoring.

Advice for parents - Union of Pediatricians of Russia Then the holter is removed from the patient, and with the help of a special computer program that processes the data obtained, all types of cardiac arrhythmias, painless and painful attacks of myocardial ischemia, etc. are identified and analyzed.

Is it difficult to understand what the body does with them? True, in my opinion, a person is not able to eat sour cream with spoons every day or constantly chew lard. Most likely, there is an involuntary restriction of fat consumption.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are not contraindications to the use of nebivolol. This medicine can be taken by obese people and diabetics. Because it does not affect metabolism.

Nebivolol does not worsen the results of blood tests for glucose, glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol and triglycerides.

It improves longevity prognosis and quality of life in patients suffering from obesity or type 2 diabetes.

In most cases, the disease is characterized by acute symptoms caused by two factors: mechanical ...

Patients are asked not to wet the device, but otherwise lead their usual lifestyle. This process of taking readings is called Holter monitoring, named after the American research scientist Norman J. Holter, who first used this technique in the year. Why do you need a holter? It would seem, why do you need a Holter if you can just go to the doctor and take an ECG?

In most cases, the disease is characterized by acute symptoms caused by two factors: mechanical ...

The next day the person goes to the clinic, an ECG is taken, but no abnormalities are found. Why might this happen? Because a standard electrocardiogram is a record, like a “snapshot,” that records cardiac activity over a short period of time.

And fluorography is considered valid for 1 year. Children need to have their medical history recorded, the preventive vaccinations they have received, with the timing and series of vaccines.

If the operation has minimal risk, then the list of tests may be very short, or they may not be required at all, depending on the recommendations of the attending physician. The list of studies may be short for low-risk operations, such as breast biopsy or operations on small areas of skin (removing a lipoma, papilloma, etc.), etc.

What signs should you see a doctor for:

1. The main manifestation of the disease is shortness of breath, which worsens even with minor physical exertion.
2. Cardiopalmus. The cause of tachycardia is respiratory failure, lack of oxygen in the blood.
3. Pain syndrome. Compressive pain occurs behind the sternum and in the region of the heart. With strong physical exertion, fainting is possible.
4. Dizziness, weakness, fatigue.
5. Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum (ascites), severe swelling and blueness of the limbs, bulging veins in the neck. These symptoms develop against the background of chronic right ventricular failure - the heart muscle of the right ventricle cannot cope with the load, which leads to disturbances in the systemic circulation.
6. An enlarged liver leads to heaviness and pain under the right ribs.
7. Nausea, flatulence, vomiting are caused by accumulation of gases in the intestines. Weight loss with normal, nutritious nutrition.

The standard list of medical examination procedures must include a visit to a cardiologist.

How long is the health resort card valid for?

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common, and there are many possible diagnoses, which is why regularly performed electrocardiography is so important - it helps to identify pathological processes at the very beginning.

In the MART medical center, in most cases, it is possible to do an ECG on the same day of treatment.

But in order to avoid long waits or refusal of an appointment, we strongly recommend that you call in advance and make an appointment for an examination before visiting the clinic.

Despite the fact that the method itself is not so new, it makes it possible to notice pathological disorders in the early stages and accurately establish the general dynamics. With a competent approach to decoding, the attending physician can identify:

• arrhythmias;
• ischemic diseases;
• myocardial hypertrophy;
• heart and vascular defects;
• other violations.

In this case, an ECG with interpretation is usually valid for 1 month. In other cases, the exact expiration dates of the test results must be clarified with your attending physician or the organization to which the test results will be sent, or where further diagnostic or therapeutic procedures will be performed.

Validity period of the health resort card

According to the latest data, the value of standard preoperative studies, carried out regardless of the patient’s age to identify undiagnosed diseases, is minimal.

The following blood tests can be considered the most frequently included in the list of preoperative or pre-hospitalization examinations: biochemical analysis, general analysis, determination of the Rh factor and blood group, tests for hepatitis C and B, syphilis, HIV.

Below you will find instructions for use written in accessible language. Read the indications for use, find out the correct dosage for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The article describes in detail which is better - nebivolol, Nebilet or bisoprolol, what is the difference between these drugs.

A specialist can assess the condition before and after surgery, as well as the effect after treatment, based on the results of laboratory tests. If not all the results from the list of tests are acceptable for surgery, the patient may require additional treatment, postponement of surgery, or more detailed examination.

Indications and procedure for referring patients to VTEK

The conclusions of a pediatrician, surgeon and other specialists are valid for 20 days. It is also worth noting that in each specific case, exceptions are made and specialists may require certain tests to be repeated.

They can be donated for a certain amount of money by contacting any laboratory diagnostic center, and in a public clinic in the patient’s city of residence - completely free of charge. The timeliness and accuracy of the results of preoperative studies determine the success of the upcoming operation.

The echocardiogram will take approximately 15 minutes. Echocardiogram results require interpretation by a qualified physician. It is advisable to show the cardiologist, along with the results of the ultrasound of the heart, also a fresh blood test, urine test and the results of the cardiogram.

In particular, this is necessary for patients who have impaired functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, the functioning of the endocrine, cardiovascular or respiratory systems. Other indications or contraindications are determined by the results of basic tests before surgery, because laparoscopy is also a surgical intervention.

What tests to take before surgery, expiration date of tests, examination before surgery

Clinical blood test. To obtain reliable results, it is recommended to refrain from eating for 6-8 hours before the procedure. The study is carried out 2-3 days before surgical treatment so that the doctor can assess the presence and stage of inflammatory processes. With chronic inflammation, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases (more than 30 mmol per liter). During infectious diseases or in the presence of purulent wounds, the number of leukocytes is increased. With a reduced hemoglobin level, various complications can be expected in the postoperative period. Therefore, the patient needs a special diet and iron supplements.

Laparoscopic intervention, in addition to mandatory laboratory tests, requires additional diagnosis of contraindications for its implementation. In particular, this is necessary for patients who have impaired functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, the functioning of the endocrine, cardiovascular or respiratory systems. Other indications or contraindications are determined by the results of basic tests before surgery, because laparoscopy is also a surgical intervention.

In certain cases, the preoperative studies listed above are not sufficient. In addition to them, the person being operated on must be checked for the presence or absence of contraindications to a particular surgical procedure and receive the necessary conclusion from a therapist.

These are the main types of diagnostics used most often in medical practice. But there are other types of examinations that are prescribed individually. The examination results must be correctly deciphered, and this must be done by a qualified specialist. It is worth remembering that test data alone cannot be the basis for making a final diagnosis and choosing treatment therapy; they need to be confirmed by additional examinations. If the patient is undergoing surgery, it is important to carry it out before the expiration date of the most complex studies expires.

Under no circumstances should study results be interpreted based on just one indicator. The interpretation of the tests is carried out exclusively by the doctor who prescribed it, based on the patient’s complaints and the clinical picture of the disease. Clinical and biochemical blood tests, coagulogram, ECG are valid for 10 days. Fluorography is performed once a year. Tests for infections are valid for no more than 3 months.

According to the latest data, the value of standard preoperative studies, carried out regardless of the patient’s age to identify undiagnosed diseases, is minimal. Therefore, the scope of the preoperative examination is determined based on clinical and anamnestic data, the patient’s age, as well as the nature, volume, duration and urgency of the surgical intervention. Some tests are taken on the day of surgery. A cardiogram, depending on the type of operation, is done shortly before the scheduled intervention. If the disease is not dangerous, treatment is carried out at home, but sometimes the patient needs hospitalization and inpatient treatment.

Any removed pathological tissue or organ during surgery is filled with formalin and sent to the pathology laboratory for histological examination. After receiving the histological report 10-12 days later, the patient is invited to decide on further treatment tactics and receives the necessary recommendations. The doctor will give the patient all the necessary explanations about the deadlines given for completing all examinations and tests. The validity of the examination results and the timing of the tests vary depending on the type of examination. Some medical organizations are reducing the average shelf life of blood tests, while others are increasing them.

Clinical examination of urine. Allows you to assess the condition of the urinary system. Other indications or contraindications are determined by the results of basic tests before surgery, because laparoscopy is also a surgical intervention. It is carried out no later than three weeks before the operation itself.

Identification of changes will provide the opportunity for a full examination before surgery, correction of possible intraoperative problems and competent management of the postoperative period (1 month). All this reduces the risk of postoperative infectious complications. A dental examination is a mandatory stage of preoperative preparation before installing metal implants. And before surgery on the thyroid gland, it is mandatory to undergo hormone tests. For analysis you will need an average portion of morning urine. If proteins or a large number of red blood cells are detected in the urine, it is recommended to postpone surgery.

The validity period of a particular analysis directly depends on the purpose of the analysis. In general, clinical blood tests, urine tests, and ECG results are considered valid for about 10 days, but in the preoperative period these figures are sharply reduced. Before laparoscopy, you will need to perform a fibrogastroscopy to exclude pathologies of the digestive organs, and a blood test for hormones to exclude diseases of the endocrine system. The close proximity of the reproductive and urinary systems forces one to be attentive to the condition of the latter during gynecological operations (1 month).

ECG shelf life - general description of the analysis and its duration in different situations

An electrocardiogram is mandatory for pregnant women, especially on the eve of childbirth - this allows you to develop a labor management plan and reduce the risks of complications. In this case, it is important to know what the patient’s blood type and Rh factor are, so as not to make a mistake when performing a transfusion. The group is determined by the doctor using a small volume of blood and special equipment. whey It makes it possible to assess the body’s ability to produce certain enzymes, determines the functioning of the liver and kidneys, and allows us to predict the development of dangerous diseases in the early stages.

Blood tests, the timing of which influence the reliability of information about the condition and functioning of organs and tissues of the body, allow doctors to diagnose diseases. If blood tests are not carried out on time, the information becomes partially distorted over time, which can lead to an incorrect diagnosis. The validity period of the analysis is 2 weeks.

ECG. The study allows you to assess the functionality of the heart, find out the presence of contraindications or restrictions to surgical procedures. It allows you to minimize the risk of complications, determine treatment tactics, and select the optimal type of anesthesia. It is carried out at any convenient time at your place of residence free of charge.

Health resort card: how long is it valid?

Testing is also recommended for families of patients and other persons in contact with infected people once a quarter, people at risk once every six months, with a positive diagnosis of diseases to control illnesses, and children of infected mothers.

The study is recommended for future parents at the stage of pregnancy planning. What is the validity period for tests for hepatitis and HIV? All tests have validity periods during which the studies are considered relevant.

You need to know them in order to avoid additional time and financial costs associated with retaking the test.

Is ECG harmful?

The natural question of whether ECG is harmful can be answered based on the advantages of this diagnostic method:

• reliability of information
• safety and comfort of the session
• efficiency (10 min)
• no health or pregnancy restrictions

As you already understand, it is impossible to harm the health of an ECG, since this method is based on reading heart rhythm indicators and does not produce any radiation or effects on the body. Moreover, for people whose work involves constant physical activity, electrocardiography is done almost daily, which once again confirms its absolute harmlessness .

Vtek: transcript. medical labor expert commission

Therefore, you should additionally consult with your doctor about the list and statute of limitations of necessary tests. In certain cases, the preoperative studies listed above are not sufficient. In addition to them, the person being operated on must be checked for the presence or absence of contraindications to a particular surgical procedure and receive the necessary conclusion from a therapist. In most clinics, this rule is mandatory for all mature patients (over 40 years old).

Sartans are a new generation of drugs that are used to lower blood pressure in arterial hypertension. The first versions of these types of drugs were synthesized in the early 90s of the last century.

Heart ultrasound is a non-invasive and safe examination, suitable even for newborn children. The reasons for carrying them out are a weak sucking reflex, low temperature of the arms and legs, increased sweating, and a lag in weight gain.

An ECG is an integral procedure before surgery. In this case, it is important to consider the validity period of the study - for surgical intervention the shelf life is up to several days.

The doctor conducts an examination, makes a diagnosis and prescribes treatment. Modern types of diagnostics help to assess the situation in detail and quickly. The tomograph scans the patient's body and transfers the information to the image.

Tests for hypertension: examination for hypertension

The most common test performed in the laboratory is a general urinalysis. In case of kidney disease, the doctor may recommend doing an additional test (urine analysis according to Nechiporenko or sterility test).

Have you been struggling with HYPERTENSION for many years without success? Head of the Institute: “You will be amazed at how easy it is to cure hypertension by taking it every day. High blood pressure is a fairly common problem, especially among women and men over 40 years of age. As a disease, high blood pressure manifests itself slowly.

Symptoms begin with weakness, dizziness, sleep disturbances, fatigue, numbness of the fingers, hot flashes. Our readers successfully use ReCardio to treat hypertension. Seeing how popular this product is, we decided to bring it to your attention. Read more here... This stage continues for several years in a row, but the patient can ignore it, attributing the symptoms to banal overwork.

• myocardial infarction;
• stroke;
• lethal outcome.

Today, hypertension is diagnosed in many patients, but, unfortunately, it is not taken seriously. As medical statistics show, approximately 40% of people suffer from high blood pressure and this number is growing steadily.

It happens that pressure changes occur in an absolutely healthy person. However, in this case, blood pressure does not reach crisis levels and does not pose any danger to health and life. But it still doesn’t hurt to get tested to rule out problems. Very often, the cause of high blood pressure is work that requires constant concentration and emotional stress. People also suffer from hypertension:

• who previously suffered a concussion;
• move little;
• have bad habits.

If the patient leads a sedentary lifestyle, over time he is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. With severe vascular spasms, blood access to vital organs is disrupted. When there are plaques on the walls of blood vessels, a strong spasm can provoke a heart attack or stroke. Therefore, you need to get tested even to prevent the disease.

In women, the causes of problems with blood pressure will be hormonal changes in the body during menopause. Other prerequisites for high blood pressure will be the consumption of excessively large amounts of kitchen salt, a morbid addiction to alcoholic beverages, caffeine, and smoking. Excess body weight plays a significant role in the formation of pathology. The more extra pounds you carry, the higher your risk of hypertension.

Clinical and laboratory examination of the body is used to identify hypertension. First, you need to have an initial appointment with a therapist, a cardiologist, who will conduct a visual examination of the patient, study documentation, and medical history. After this, you need to take tests, as they will help confirm hypertension or identify other causes of high blood pressure.

• structural abnormalities;
• valve changes;
• developmental defects.

These biochemical indicators are necessary to determine the exact cause of high blood pressure, the degree of target organ damage, monitor the safety of medications, and monitor the dynamics of the disease.

With an increase in blood pressure, the contractile functions of the heart on the ECG will be visible only indirectly. To carry out the procedure, the patient must undress to the waist and expose his legs. Ideally, in case of hypertension, the study is carried out no earlier than 2 hours after eating and after 15 minutes of rest.

The electrocardiogram is recorded with the patient in a horizontal position. To obtain data, wipes soaked in water are placed on the lower part of the legs and forearms, and metal electrode plates are placed on top of them. The places where the electrodes are applied are first degreased with alcohol.

This procedure helps to improve the quality of the ECG and reduce the number of inductive currents. The examination is carried out during quiet breathing, and at least 4 cardiac cycles are noted in each branch. In case of hypertension, electrodes are applied in a certain order, and each of them has its own color:

• red – right hand;
• yellow – left hand;
• green – left leg;
• black – right leg.

The ECG consists of intervals and waves, that is, the spaces between the teeth. While deciphering the cardiogram of a hypertensive patient, the doctor will evaluate the shape, size of each of the teeth, and intervals. It will be necessary to establish stability and repeatability. It should be said that this examination for high blood pressure has a number of disadvantages.

Thus, diagnostics are short-term and are not able to detect pathologies with an unstable cardiographic picture. When the disorder is temporary and does not make itself felt when recording an ECG, it will not be possible to detect it. An electrocardiogram will not display cardiac hemodynamics, will not show the presence of a heart murmur, or developmental defects.

To diagnose these pathological conditions, you will need to undergo an additional ultrasound examination. Despite the high value, the assessment of data must be carried out with mandatory consideration of all clinical indicators, since different pathological processes can have many similar changes.

Despite the statement that there is no need to prepare for electrocardiography, experienced doctors strongly recommend taking the procedure seriously. The essence of the manipulation is to assess the work of the heart muscle under normal conditions. For this reason, it is extremely important before the cardiogram:

• do not be nervous;
• do not feel tired;
• get a good night's sleep;
• refuse physical activity.

In addition, you should not overload the digestive tract; it is best to undergo diagnostics on an empty stomach. If the procedure is performed after a heavy lunch, the data may not be accurate. Another recommendation is that if you have high blood pressure and hypertension on the day of the test, you should stop drinking large amounts of liquid.

Excess water will negatively affect the functioning of the heart muscle. It is strictly forbidden to drink natural coffee, strong black tea, or energy drinks on the day of the procedure, since caffeine quickly stimulates an increase in cardiac activity. As a result, the analyzes will be biased and will need to be repeated.

With a constant increase in blood pressure and hypertension, there is a high risk of damage to important organs, and first of all: Such problems can cause death if the patient, with increased blood pressure, ignores treatment, does not fully comply with the doctor’s instructions, and does not take the necessary tests.

Speaking of the heart, the most common diseases that develop are ischemia, atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction. It should be noted that long-term elevated blood pressure can cause heart failure and diffuse cardiosclerosis. Serious complications of the pathology will include severe damage to the brain and kidneys.

The disease is based on a progressive narrowing of blood vessels, a constant increase in blood pressure. With hypertension, irreversible sclerotic changes take place in the kidneys, when the so-called wrinkled kidneys are formed. The organs cannot perform their functions normally, the patient suffers from chronic renal failure of varying degrees.

• early organ damage occurs;
• without the ability to compensate for their functions.

Prevention

What affects the timing of tests?

How long an ECG, blood, or urine test is valid depends on many circumstances. The most important of them are the following factors:

• what type of medical analysis was performed;
• use of drugs and technology by laboratories;
• peculiarity of laboratory research.

Scientific developments are increasingly improving research methods. Today, many technologies and improved equipment are being successfully implemented. Therefore, in some laboratories specializing in conducting medical tests of samples of the human body, you can get a result, depending on the type of study, within 1-2 hours. But some tests take longer. Thus, the period also depends on the chosen laboratory and the cost of services.

What to consider when preparing for an ECG

The technique for recording cardiac impulses is quite simple; the procedure usually does not take more than 10 minutes. The study must be carried out in a ventilated area, but the temperature should not be too low - during the test the patient must undress from the waist up. If the room is cold, the subject will not be able to completely relax, which will negatively affect the results of the analysis. A state of complete rest during ECG recording is the main guarantee of the accuracy of the data obtained. Essentially, all the rules for preparing for an ECG come down to ensuring these conditions. The main ones are:

• fifteen minute rest before starting the procedure;
• recording readings in the supine position;
• even breathing during the examination;
• testing on an empty stomach or two hours after eating a light meal.

On the day of the study, taking energy drinks, sedatives, coffee, and strong tea is strictly prohibited - these products will make the analysis results biased. An hour before the ECG, smokers should give up cigarettes.

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• Carefully check the accuracy of the information entered; if there are errors, treatment will be denied. The general practitioner fills out hundreds of papers, so he is able to make inaccuracies.
• When visiting the clinic, keep your voucher, SNILS, compulsory medical insurance, and passport with you.

Issue will be refused if there are the following contraindications:

• acute infectious and bacterial diseases until complete recovery;
• the presence of sexually transmitted pathologies;
• acute pain syndromes requiring the use of strong painkillers and psychotropic drugs;
• tuberculosis (except for completing a rehabilitation course in specialized medical institutions);
• cardiovascular disorders;
• gastrointestinal obstruction, scarring;
• jaundice, cirrhosis;
• uterine fibroids, ovarian cyst;
• cachexia;
• detected bleeding;
• acute and subacute conditions that threaten life.

If you have a purchased tour, you may be denied registration for the JCC. Therefore, first go to your doctor and make sure that you have no contraindications for visiting a health resort.

Features of the design of children, what to pay attention to

If the patient is a minor, the document will be filled out by a pediatrician. To apply you must have the following:

1. A voucher, its availability is required - the number will be entered in the appropriate line.
2. Compulsory medical insurance policy, data is taken into account when filling out.
3. Vaccination certificate. When studying at an educational institution, you must approach the nurse with a request to provide information about the latest vaccination according to age.
4. An outpatient card where all diseases and pathologies will be recorded.
5. If available, a certificate of disability.
6. SNILS.

There are a number of contraindications on the basis of which the therapist has the right to refuse to issue the form:

• pediculosis, enterobiasis;
• measles, rubella, smallpox, other viral infections, including hepatitis; refusal is possible if there is an outbreak of an infectious disease at the child’s place of study (before the end of the quarantine period);
• contagious infectious or viral diseases;
• psychical deviations;
• convulsive seizures.

Before visiting the local pediatrician, the baby’s outpatient card must contain a specialist’s note with recommendations for undergoing health procedures in a sanatorium. Based on the commentary on the main pathology and in the absence of contraindications, a sanatorium-resort certificate is issued.

As an example, a child develops scoliosis, the orthopedist gives recommendations for visiting an orthopedic health resort. Make sure that the main diagnosis is accurately indicated in the extract; it will be included in the documents. If, in addition to it, treatment of concomitant pathologies is carried out, comments from other doctors are needed. For example, along with correcting posture, warming up or salt grottoes are required to strengthen the immune system.

If a controversial situation arises when the child has a contraindication, but it is in remission, then a certificate from the specialist with whom the baby is registered is required. It states that he can visit a health resort for treatment of concomitant pathologies. There should be recommendations for choosing a sanatorium:

• region;
• profile;
• season;
• methods used.

Diagnostic procedures differ for children:

1. UAC and UAM (general blood and urine tests).
2. Feces on the inside and perianal scraping.
3. Examination by a pediatrician.
4. Visit to specialists of a narrow profile: for the main and concomitant diseases, dermatologist, phthisiatrician (if there was no Mantoux test).

Each specialized doctor has the right to prescribe his own studies, which will be required to collect information about the state of health.

How long is a medical certificate for a driver's license valid?

Just keep in mind that after paying the fine, a driver’s license will still not be issued, but they will be required to undergo a medical examination in the manner prescribed by law.

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Important An expired certificate is a non-existent certificate. This is exactly how it will be considered by law. A driver needs a certificate from a doctor when replacing a driver’s license with a new one, when its terms have expired, or the arrest of the driver’s license has ended. Also when opening a new category, or receiving a driver’s license for the first time.

To obtain this document, you should collect the following package of documents:

• passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation;
• photographs – 2 pcs.;
• military ID/registration (for those liable for military service);
• driver's license (if you need to extend the validity of your medical certificate).

The process itself involves passing a special medical examination at the clinic (to obtain a document of the established form). Next, you should undergo an examination by such specialized specialists as a psychiatrist and a narcologist (at the appropriate dispensaries). After passing these stages, the finished medical certificate is certified by the seal and signature of the head physician of the medical institution where the medical examination was carried out.

The certificate is valid for the period specified in the legislative Order. The form of such a document itself has also been updated and now there is no line in it that would indicate the validity period of the issued document. The form of the form is approved by the same Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 344n under the number - 003-V/u.

If a medical certificate is provided on the last day of its validity, traffic police officers do not have the right to refuse the submission of the document - it is valid until the end of the last day. Note! All certificates issued on the old form (form No. 083/U-89) are no longer valid as of July 1, 2020. Such certificates were usually issued earlier in the period before the changes occurred on July 1, 2020.

• individual - 1000 - 1500 rubles;
• persons in positions - 2000 - 3000 rubles;
• legal entities and entrepreneurs – 30,000 – 50,000 rubles.

Legislative framework On June 15, 2020, the Ministry of Health signed order No. 344 n, which states the need for a medical examination of drivers and candidates for driving vehicles. The old order No. 831 n dated September 28, 2010 was declared no longer in force. On March 11, 2016, the order was recorded in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.

The updated rules came into full force on March 26, 2016. One of the criteria for passing driving tests is a completed medical certificate. The new form No. 003 - V/U was approved in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. New sample forms began to be issued on July 1, 2020.

Periodicity

examinations

Test for HIV and syphilis

Anyone can be tested at any time for infections included in the torch panel, human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis. The last two points must be passed during pregnancy, as well as in the event that a precedent has occurred in which it turned out to be possible to become infected through domestic or sexual contact.

The test for HIV is valid for six months, for syphilis - 3 months. This is the maximum incubation period for these diseases. However, in case of a sudden deterioration in health, sudden weight loss for no reason, disruptions in the nervous system, or a sudden drop in immune strength, it is necessary to undergo an emergency examination.

The Torch study is most often prescribed to identify the course of hidden pathologies. Testing is mandatory for pregnant women and young children at risk. The study determines the acute course of the disease and the presence of antibodies in the case of a previous infection. Identifies the following diseases:

• toxoplasmosis;
• rubella;
• herpes;
• cytomegalovirus and others.

For each possible infection, the study contains two titers: lgG and lgM. Based on their ratio, a specialist can decipher the analysis and determine the degree of risk and time of infection:

• IgG - and lgM - - absence of disease at present and in history.
• lgG + and lgM + - primary infection, acute form of the disease (especially dangerous for women during pregnancy).
• lgG - and lgM + - primary infection.
• lgG + and lgM - - the disease has been going on for a long time, there is a developed immunity to fight the disease.

The validity period of the analysis is 1 month.

What blood tests are performed immediately before surgery?

Another additional study that needs to be carried out before surgery is often an examination by a dentist. Healthy teeth significantly reduce the risk of developing infectious complications after surgery. If carious diseases are detected, the oral cavity is sanitized before surgery. A dental examination is mandatory before operations to install endoprostheses (metal implants).

Fibrogastroduodenoscopy, or endoscopy of the stomach, is also quite often one of the important preoperative examinations. For the purpose of examining a patient before surgery, the limitation period for gastric endoscopy is usually three weeks.

Men over 50 years of age must be tested for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) before surgery. This study allows the doctor to draw conclusions about the presence of inflammatory processes, which can seriously affect postoperative recovery and cause severe postoperative complications.

Additional examinations are mandatory for patients with coronary heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias, as well as for all patients who are being monitored by a cardiologist for certain medical reasons. Such examinations include echocardiography and Holter monitoring with ECG recording.

If there are ECG symptoms such as atrial fibrillation or flutter, ST segment deviation, atrioventricular block, symptoms of myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia, bundle branch block, the anesthesiologist selects the appropriate type of anesthesia. Also, during the examination of cardiac activity, a conclusion is made about the presence of contraindications to the operation.

If any pathologies are detected after undergoing a general examination and evaluating the test results, the patient is additionally referred for consultation with a specialized specialist. For example, if endocrine disorders are detected, before the operation you will need to be additionally examined by an endocrinologist; if nervous system disorders are suspected, by a neurologist, etc.

In addition, before any operation, it is advisable to perform sanitation of foci of chronic infectious processes: this will greatly help reduce the risk of possible postoperative complications. Therefore, in the process of preoperative preparation, the patient needs not only to undergo tests for the operation, but also, in some cases, to visit a dentist, otolaryngologist, or gynecologist.

Surgery is prescribed when conservative treatment methods cannot help the patient. In this case, the gynecologist writes out a referral to the hospital.

The preparatory period includes a preoperative examination, which means that it is necessary to undergo tests before gynecological surgery. In addition, the patient is prescribed a balanced diet to prepare the intestines immediately before the operation, and medical documents are also completed.

Tests before gynecology surgery are necessary so that surgeons can determine how ready the patient is for surgery. During the examination, latent infectious processes are identified that must be eliminated in order to eliminate the possibility of postoperative complications.

DETAILS: Is it possible to drink before a kidney ultrasound - Kidneys

In the presence of chronic serious diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, surgeons decide on the advisability of surgical intervention due to the weakened state of the patient’s body.

After a clinical examination, the attending physician carefully examines the results and, if they are satisfactory, sets a date for surgery. A few days before the operation, the patient is prescribed a special slag-free diet, excluding fruits, bread and vegetables. On the eve of the operation, it is advisable to perform a cleansing enema of the intestines. A light dinner is also necessary, for example, yogurt, porridge, kefir or cottage cheese. 8 hours before surgery it is necessary to limit food and water intake.

Gynecological surgery is best performed in the first half of the menstrual cycle. On the day of the operation, the operating surgeon, therapist and anesthesiologist must meet with the patient. The operating surgeon will tell you about the operation plan, what surgical procedures will be performed and what therapeutic effect is expected from this.

The patient should also know what complications may arise during the operation. The general practitioner should conduct a preventive conversation in order to exclude common diseases that may interfere with the normal course of the surgical operation. The anesthesiologist will monitor the patient's condition throughout the operation, so his task is to familiarize the patient with the type of anesthesia that will be used during the operation. Typically, during general abdominal surgery, anesthesiologists use general anesthesia.

Preoperative preparation

Preparation for surgery includes: preoperative examination, issues of wearing compression hosiery and postoperative bandage, preparing the intestines for surgery, nuances of nutrition and behavior, restrictions on physical activity in the postoperative period, treatment of postoperative sutures, and preparation of legal documents.

The optimal interval for performing the operation is the 7-20th day of the menstrual cycle. Patients enter the clinic the day before surgery and spend 2 to 10-12 days in the department.

At the time of the operation, the patient must be healthy (no cough, runny nose, fever, loose stools, etc.). Moreover, at least 2 weeks must pass from the moment of recovery for complete restoration of immunity. You should refrain from surgery until complete recovery in case of exacerbation of herpetic infection with the presence of rashes on the lips or genitals. There should be no pustular or inflammatory rashes on the skin.

If you have chronic diseases (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal tract, etc.), it is advisable to consult a specialist on this problem in advance and obtain permission for surgery. If you have varicose veins of the lower extremities or are overweight in the preoperative period, you must undergo a consultation with a vascular surgeon and duplex scanning of the vessels of the lower extremities to exclude the presence of blood clots in the vessels and prevent thromboembolic complications.

Examination before surgery

This section provides a list of tests that must be performed before surgery, with an explanation of each test. Excessive “minimalism” of the examination, which seems convenient in the modern rhythm of life, is unacceptable when it comes to surgical treatment. In our clinic you can undergo a complete examination in 1 day, including X-ray of the lungs, ECG, gastroscopy and colonoscopy.

Standard examination for all operations and document expiration date

Blood group, Rh factor - a blood group test allows you to be prepared for the transfusion of blood components in an emergency or planned situation.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), RW (syphilis), HBs (hepatitis B), HCV (hepatitis C) - tests for blood-borne infections (3 months).

A clinical blood test can reveal the presence of hidden inflammatory processes in the body, the severity of anemia, coagulation disorders (by the number of platelets) (1 month).

A general urine test characterizes the condition of the kidneys and urinary tract, metabolic disorders. The close proximity of the reproductive and urinary systems forces one to be attentive to the condition of the latter during gynecological operations (1 month).

A biochemical blood test evaluates indicators characterizing the function of the kidneys, liver, pancreas, and the concentration of proteins in the blood. The peculiarities of the functioning of these organs are taken into account in the future at all stages of treatment. Identification of changes will provide the opportunity for a full examination before surgery, correction of possible intraoperative problems and competent management of the postoperative period (1 month).

• Limit liquid intake the night before;
• do not eat food two hours before taking an electrocardiogram;
• exclude physical activity;
• do not drink coffee or tea the day before;
• Do not apply cream or oil to the skin.

• Passport.
• Medical history.
• Medications regularly used by the patient.
• Extracts of previous eye surgeries.
• Results of preoperative examination.
• Personal hygiene items: slippers, underwear or pajamas (for the operating room).
• Patients with diabetes should carry with them: insulin and a glucometer with test strips.
• Clinical blood test (with leukocyte count and ESR) (valid for 10 days),
• General urine test (valid for 1 month),
• Biochemical blood test: glucose, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total protein, ALT, AST (valid for 10 days),
• Coagulogram: INR, APTT, fibrinogen, fibrin time (valid for 10 days),
• Blood type, Rh factor
• RW (syphilis), HCV (hepatitis C), HBs (hepatitis B), HIV (valid for 3 months),
• ECG (electrocardiography) (valid for 1 month),
• Fluorography or radiography of the lungs (valid for 1 year),
• If there is a cyst (tumor) of the ovary(s), it is necessary to donate blood tumor markers: CA 125, CA 19.9. (valid for 3 months),
• Flora smear
• oncocytology of the cervix (valid for 3 months),
• Therapist’s conclusion about the absence of contraindications to elective surgery,

General urine analysis

Clinical urine analysis is a popular test that allows one to evaluate gross disturbances in the functioning of the urinary system. Urine normally does not have proteins, salts, a large number of leukocytes and red blood cells, it does not contain sediment and has a transparent color. Violation of any indicators requires additional examinations and instrumental diagnostics.

The reasons for a poor urine test can be diseases such as:

• pyelonephritis;
• urolithiasis disease;
• glomerulonephritis;
• cystitis;
• prostatitis;
• renal failure.

However, violations do not always indicate a serious pathology. Normal is a relative concept and a slight increase in some values ​​may be episodic in nature, arising due to poor nutrition, dehydration, recent infectious diseases, or excessive physical activity. In addition, the results may be affected by incorrect sample collection.

For OAM to be reliable, it should:

• collect a morning urine sample (when collecting urine from children, this requirement can be ignored);
• preliminary toileting of the external genitalia;
• collect only the average portion of urine in a sterile container (flush the first and last stream into the toilet);
• deliver the analysis to the laboratory as soon as possible.

No special preparation required. The urine test is considered valid for 10 days. The exception is monitoring indicators over time. Then the subject specialist determines how often the material should be submitted. Daily or weekly diagnostic testing may be required for a monitoring period.

ECG devices and the principle of their operation

A cardiograph is a device that records the bioelectric impulses of the heart. The examination result is displayed on thermal paper or display in the form of a graphic curve.

This graph is called an “electrocardiogram”. Modern models of cardiographs save the results in electronic form for subsequent computer processing.

An ECG is an informative, relatively inexpensive and accessible test that is done when you need to obtain information about the work of the heart muscle.

Video:

Home cardiograph

Medical instrumentation has advanced so far that you can now perform an ECG yourself.

A home cardiograph allows you to monitor the course of the disease and record sudden attacks that the local doctor does not have time to track.

This is an easy-to-use device that every “core” can have at home.

It is very easy to do a cardiogram using a home device; you just need to follow the attached instructions. There are significantly fewer sensors on it than on a professional one.

The time is not far off when a home cardiograph will be as common as a thermometer and blood pressure monitor.

The cost of the device is quite affordable for the family budget; for example, domestic devices cost from 4 to 10 thousand rubles. They not only take a cardiogram, but also save the data on their home computer.

Video:

Popular models of home cardiographs:

• “Armed” - has 3 electrodes, runs on batteries, saves the results on disk, its own memory card or PC;
• HEACO is a device made in Great Britain. Its cost is higher, but it also has great capabilities - it itself deciphers the ECG result and makes a diagnosis;
• EKN-01 - developed by Skolkovo, sold since 2013. This is one of the most affordable models, its cost is about three thousand rubles. The device can be integrated into clothing and connected to a PC. The results are continuously transmitted to the data collection center, from where the health worker receives them. The device is designed to reduce mortality rates from heart disease. First of all, daily monitoring should be done for patients living far from medical facilities.

Knowing in what cases an ECG is done, you don’t have to worry if the doctor ordered this examination.

In most cases, it is prescribed to eliminate dangerous disorders in the functioning of this important muscle and does not take much time.

moydiagnos.ru

Standard analysis times

Here is the expiration date for blood tests before surgery. The relevance of a clinical blood test is 10 days. Biochemical blood test: glucose, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total protein, ALT, AST - 10 days. Coagulograms: INR, APTT, fibrinogen, fibrin time - 10 days.

And here are other deadlines. General urinalysis – a month. ECG (electrocardiography) – month. Fluorography or radiography of the lungs – one year. Blood tumor markers: CA 125, CA 19.9. – 3 months. The shelf life of tests before gynecological surgery is standard. The relevance of a smear for flora and oncocytology of the cervix is ​​3 months.

You will have to find out the exact cost at a specific institution.

About specialists It is important to know which specialists you will encounter in order to obtain a certificate from the traffic police to replace your license. In general, their list depends on the citizen’s driving category. Let's focus on the most common case - driving a passenger car. Under such circumstances, a modern driver needs to visit:

• psychiatrist;
• narcologist;
• surgeon;
• ophthalmologist;
• otolaryngologist;
• neurologist;
• therapist.

You will also need to take a general blood test. At the request of a narcologist - urine and other tests. Persons over 60 years of age are required to additionally visit a cardiologist and have an ECG done. About psychiatrists and narcologists It is worth highlighting the psychiatrist and narcologist separately. The process of obtaining a medical certificate for the traffic police should begin with a visit to these doctors.

How to do an ECG correctly: methodology

Electrocardiography (ECG) is used to diagnose diseases of the cardiovascular system. How an ECG is done depends on the type of study. The application pattern and marking of the electrodes will differ for different techniques.

Electrocardiography is a non-invasive technology for graphically recording the potential difference in the electric field generated during the work of the heart. It is carried out using an electrocardiograph.

The device has electrodes that are attached to certain points on the patient's body. They capture the electrical impulses of the heart, which, after amplification, are recorded by a galvanometer and recorded on paper using curved lines. The result is a cardiogram, which is subject to further interpretation by a cardiologist or therapist.

Goal and tasks

Taking an electrocardiogram is necessary for diagnosing disorders of the heart, and is also a mandatory element of the annual medical examination of the population. Cardiologists recommend an ECG every year for all people over 40 years of age.

Looking at the cardiogram, the doctor will evaluate:

1. Frequency (pulse), rhythm and regularity of heart contractions.
2. Physical condition of the heart.
3. The presence of disturbances in electrolyte metabolism (potassium, calcium, magnesium and others).
4. Conducting system of the heart (various blockades and arrhythmias).
5. The effectiveness of treatment in acute and chronic diseases.
6. Localization, size and degree of damage during ischemia and myocardial infarction.
7. The presence of cardiac complications in diseases of other organs and systems (pulmonary embolism).

Reasons to get tested

A cardiogram is done at the slightest complaint:

• for interruptions in heart function;
• shortness of breath;
• heaviness and pain in the chest;
• weakness, dizziness;
• high blood pressure;
• pain in the back, chest and neck.

And:

• before operations;
• at medical examinations;
• during pregnancy;
• if there is a risk of developing heart disease;
• to obtain a medical record when applying for a job.

For a complete diagnosis, one cardiogram is not enough. The doctor will be able to draw conclusions about your health based on a comprehensive examination, taking into account the results of other examinations, tests, your complaints and medical history.

What kind of doctor does it?

At the clinic, a referral for cardiography is given by a therapist. And the doctor who deciphers it is called a cardiologist.

The following can also be concluded:

• functional diagnostics doctor;
• emergency doctor;
• Family doctor;
• pediatrician.

The procedure itself is carried out by nurses in a specially equipped room.

After receiving the test results, you must make an appointment with the doctor who prescribed the ECG to receive recommendations or treatment prescriptions.

Duration of the procedure

How long the study will last depends on the type of ECG.

Preparing for the examination

Rules for preparing for an ECG:

1. On the day of the procedure, you should refrain from drinking coffee, tea and energy drinks.
2. Do not eat heavy food 2 hours before the test.
3. Do not take sedative medications. If you regularly take cardiac medications (antiarrhythmics, beta blockers, cardiac glycosides), be sure to inform your doctor about this.
4. Smokers should stop smoking an hour before the ECG.
5. Do not expose yourself to physical stress. It is advisable to arrive 10–15 minutes before the examination and relax on the couch.
6. Do not use greasy cream or lotion in the chest area.
7. Clothing should be comfortable so that you can quickly expose your wrists, legs and chest. You will also have to remove all metal jewelry and watches.
8. Be sure to take your previous cardiograms and test results with you.

General algorithm of actions when taking an ECG

How to do an ECG:

1. The health worker writes down all the patient's data in a journal.
2. The wrists, legs and chest are exposed.
3. Electrodes are attached while lying down. Before this, the skin is degreased with alcohol, and for better contact with the sensors, a special gel is applied, or wet gauze wipes are used.
4. The indicators are recorded on paper, after which the terminals are removed and the skin is wiped dry.

There is no need to be nervous or talk during the ECG. The recording technology is absolutely safe and painless. The duration of the examination is 10–15 minutes.

Breathing should be smooth and calm. It may be necessary to record inspiratory readings. In this case, the nurse will instruct you to take a deep breath and hold your breath.

ECG manipulation is carried out in the functional diagnostics room. The room should be warm and isolated from possible sources of electrical interference. It is also recommended to turn off your mobile phone.

How to take an ECG correctly

The technique for performing electrocardiography has a simple procedure and is carried out in stages:

• patient preparation;
• application of electrodes;
• recording bioelectrical activity on paper;
• deciphering the results.

It is important not to confuse the electrodes, but to check the device for serviceability before use.

about the technique of recording ECG filmed by the channel - OFFICIAL TNU.

Application of electrodes

To record standard and enhanced leads, three electrodes (red, yellow and green) are used, which are placed on the arms and left leg and form an Einthoven triangle. The black electrode, which is placed on the right leg, grounds the system.

You need to set them like this:

• red - right hand;
• yellow - left hand;
• green - left leg;
• black - right leg.

To record the chest leads, one or six pear-shaped electrodes are used (depending on the type of cardiograph).

How to place chest electrodes:

• lead V1 - in the IV intercostal space along the right edge of the sternum;
• lead V2 - in the IV intercostal space along the left edge of the sternum;
• lead V3 - between the second and fourth positions;
• lead V4 - in the 5th intercostal space along the left midclavicular line;
• lead V5 - at the same horizontal level as V4, along the left anterior axillary line;
• lead V6 - along the left midaxillary line at the level of V4.5.

Scheme for applying chest electrodes

Marking of tips and electrodes

For convenience, all electrodes have their own color.

The location of the four main ones is easy to remember from a traffic light or from a funny reminder “Every Woman Is Meaner Than the Devil.”

In a single-channel cardiograph, one white bulb is used to take chest leads on an ECG.

In six-channel:

• V1 - red;
• V2 - yellow;
• V3 - green;
• V4 - brown;
• V5 - black;
• V6 - blue.

Lead diagram

When recording an ECG, 12 standard leads are currently used: 6 from the limbs and 6 from the chest.

Each of the 6 leads shows one or another part of the heart.

On standard leads:

• I - anterior cardiac wall;
• II - posterior cardiac wall;
• III - their totality.

Diagram of standard limb leads

On reinforced leads:

• aVR - lateral cardiac wall on the right;
• aVL - lateral cardiac wall anterior to the left;
• aVF - posterior inferior wall of the heart.

Scheme of reinforced limb leads

On the chest leads:

• V1 and V2 - right ventricle;
• VZ - septum between the two ventricles;
• V4 - upper cardiac section;
• V5 - anterior lateral wall of the left ventricle;
• V6 - left ventricle.

Chest lead diagram

This simplifies the task of diagnosing diseases. Changes in each lead characterize the pathology in a certain area of ​​the myocardium.

Recording a cardiogram

The procedure may differ on different cardiographs. Let's consider the ECG recording algorithm using the EK1T-03M2 device as an example.

Photo of electrocardiograph EK1T-03M2

If the device is powered from a 220V network, it must be grounded. To do this, one end of the ground wire is connected to the ground socket, and the other is connected to a water tap or an unpainted area of ​​the central heating radiator. Devices with a battery do not require grounding.

After applying the electrodes and turning on the device, the control millivolt is recorded. This is the recording scale, it is important for further measurements and for comparing electrocardiograms recorded on different devices with each other.

Using the EK1T-03M2 device as an example, this is done like this:

1. The switch should set the mV height to 10 mm, check that the lead switch is set to 1 mV.
2. Turn on the belt movement at a speed of 50 mm/sec. And immediately quickly press the millivolt recording button 3-4 times, then stop the tape movement.
3. Several rectangular teeth 10 mm high will be recorded on the tape; when deciphering an ECG, they are called millivolts.

Next, the standard leads are recorded sequentially:

1. To do this, switch the device to lead I recording mode.
2. Then turn on the tape, record 4-5 complexes and stop the tape.
3. Switch the device to lead II recording mode and repeat the entire procedure.
4. After recording lead III, the patient should be asked to take a deep breath, hold his breath, and in this position record lead III again.
5. Then record the enhanced leads aVR, aVL and aVF.

Recording chest leads:

1. To do this, set the lead switch to position V.
2. The chest electrode is placed on the patient's chest at the recording point of lead V1 and the pen stabilizer is turned on.
3. The sedative is turned off. Record at a speed of 50 mm/sec. 4–5 complexes.
4. The pacifier is turned on and the electrode is moved to point V2.
5. The entire procedure is repeated until lead V6 is recorded.

The control millivolt is recorded again, the tape is passed forward and torn off. The device is turned off.

The cardiogram indicates:

• Patient's full name;
• age;
• date and time of recording.

Features of ECG according to Slopak

In medicine, there is another way to conduct electrocardiography - ECG according to Slopak. It differs from the standard procedure. Used to diagnose posterobasal myocardial infarction.

Description of the method:

1. Green - left leg.
2. Black - right leg.
3. The yellow electrode is placed on the fifth intercostal space on the left along the posterior axillary line (at the level of thoracic V6).
4. Red is moved sequentially and used to remove the chest leads.

The marking looks like this:

• S1 - at the left edge of the sternum;
• S2 - in the middle of the distance between leads S1 and S3;
• S3 - second intercostal space on the left along the midclavicular line;
• S4 - second intercostal space on the left along the anterior axillary line.

In this case, the contact switch must remain in position I.

Taking an ECG for children

You can record an ECG not only for adults, but also for children of any age, using electrodes of appropriate size.

Parents should reassure the child; during the manipulation he should be calm and motionless. For older children, you can explain how the procedure will take place and what is required of them.

Children who have heart and vascular diseases or are at risk of developing them need to take an ECG at least once a year.

How to do an ECG for women

ECGs are done for women in the same way as for men. The only peculiarity is that the girls take off their bra, since the impulse does not pass through the fabric of the bra. For the same reason, it is not advisable to wear tights or stockings.

Are there any special features during pregnancy?

There are no contraindications for ECG during pregnancy. This is the same stage of monitoring the health of the expectant mother as an ultrasound. That is why women should not refuse to perform such a study.

During pregnancy, the heart experiences increased stress. During pregnancy, an ECG is prescribed 2 times. In addition, an electrocardiogram is performed not only on the woman, but also on the fetus - this study is called CTG (cardiotocography).

During pregnancy, the following changes appear on the cardiogram:

• displacement of the electrical axis of the heart to the left;
• increased heart rate, single extrasystoles;
• negative T wave in the third and fourth leads;
• shortened PR interval;
• pathological Q wave in the third lead and aVF (right arm lead).

Is it possible to do an ECG at home?

The advantage of modern cardiographs is their compactness and mobility. Portable devices are just as accurate as stationary ones. Some are equipped with a data transmission system, with its help the doctor can receive information about the work of the heart from a distance in real time. This feature is widely used by ambulance crews.

When you call a doctor at home, you can not only get a cardiogram, but also immediately receive its interpretation and recommendations.

Decoding indicators

ECG is assessed according to several criteria:

1. The rhythm is correct and regular. No extraordinary contractions (extrasystoles).
2. Heart rate. Normally - 60–80 beats/min.
3. Electrical axis - normally R exceeds S in all leads except aVR, V1 - V2, sometimes V3.
4. Width of the ventricular QRS complex. Normally no more than 120 ms.
5. QRST - complex.

QRST - normal complex

Brief designation of the main elements of the film:

• P wave - shows atrial contraction;
• PQ interval is the time the impulse reaches the atrioventricular node;
• QRS complex - shows ventricular excitation;
• T wave - indicates depolarization (restoration of electrical potential).

about ECG standards from the Mass Medika channel.

Common mistakes when recording ECG

The most common errors during the ECG procedure are:

• incorrect application of electrodes;
• poor skin contact;
• the patient’s neglect of the preparation rules;
• uncomfortable position of the patient, trembling in the body.

A short video from the Neurosoft Russia channel tells how to properly apply electrodes.

Source: //hromosoma.com/diagnostic/functional/kak-delayut-ekg-30222/