Platelets
(TC)
– the most important element of blood clotting. They store the protein thromboplastin in themselves and, if necessary to urgently stop bleeding, they explode and throw it into the blood. A lack of TC indicates a possible increased bleeding, a threat of bleeding, an excess indicates a tendency to thrombosis. Both are bad. The norm ranges from 180 thousand to 320 thousand. The number of TC in the analysis strongly depends on the state in which the person took the test - nervous, smoked before donating blood, or took alcohol the day before. A deviation from the norm of 10% is acceptable.
Normal for women
Follicle-stimulating hormone reaches its maximum level when the analysis is taken at the peak moment of menstrual flow and can reach 25.0 mIU/ml. In this case, the minimum follitropin level drops to 1.7 mIU/ml after ovulation.
In childhood, until puberty in girls, the follitropin norm varies at 1.7-4.0 mIU/ml. At the beginning of puberty, the indicator changes. The level returns to normal only a year after the onset of a young girl’s first period.
The FSH norm in women who are at puberty and are actively involved in sexual activity:
- Days 1-14 of the menstrual cycle – from 3.5-3.7 to 12.5 mIU/ml;
- 14-15 days (during the onset of ovulation) – from 4.7 to 25.0 mIU/ml;
- Days 16-28 (gradual completion of the cycle) – 1.7-8.0 mIU/ml.
With age, the follitropin level increases and can reach 150 mIU/ml. This moment occurs when a woman experiences menopause.
Neutrophils
They belong to leukocytes. These are “warrior” cells. They live up to 6 days and are busy guarding the “borders” - the mucous membranes. They are divided into 2 types: segmented-nuclear (Xia) and band-nuclear (Pya). The first are “veterans”, experienced fighters with bacilli, the second are “recruits”, freshly synthesized, inexperienced and weak. Normally, Xia should be 10 times greater than Pia. A change in this ratio towards Pya indicates that there is inflammation, the immune system is tense and throws immature cells into battle. Most often, this picture is observed in prolonged inflammatory conditions.
Features of the study
Analysis for LH and FSH is necessary for diagnosing infertility, identifying the causes of menstrual disorders, determining ovulation, and monitoring hormonal stimulation during IVF.
For analysis, the doctor assigns the woman a specific date, approximately the 3-7th day of the onset of menstruation. Preparation for the procedure is carried out 3 days in advance. At this time, physical and psycho-emotional stress, sports activities, physiotherapy, thermal procedures, and intimacy are excluded. Venous blood is collected in the morning on an empty stomach; smoking and drinking water are prohibited.
To determine the level of LH and FSH, serum or blood plasma is analyzed using the immunochemiluminescence method, which allows even frozen samples to be examined.
If a woman has an irregular, too long or short cycle, then a single test may produce false results. To get more reliable results, do 2-3 samples at half-hour intervals. For analysis, samples of all sera are combined.
The results of studies of the hormone FSH and luteotropin may be distorted not only due to an unstable cycle.
They can be affected by hormonal or radioisotope drugs taken by the patient, pregnancy, an MRI or radiation therapy session performed the day before, drinking alcohol, smoking, severe stress, taking medications that affect the production of gonadotropic hormones, anticonvulsants, and oral contraceptives.
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Clear results
Lymphocytes
(Lts)
- cells of the immune system. This is the “officer corps”, among which there are both “executors” and “performers”. But Lc from the general analysis is all lymphocytes, without division into types. In order to analyze them in more detail, an immunological analysis is required, which is more labor-intensive, expensive and takes up to 3-4 days. A decrease or increase in Lc indicates the activity of the immune system: a decrease indicates its weakening, and an increase (with a simultaneous decrease in Xia and Pya of neutrophils) indirectly indicates that there is a viral infection in the body.
Diseases for which a doctor may prescribe an FSH test
Pheochromocytoma
The cause of a decrease in FSH levels may be adrenal tumors with increased secretion of estrogens and androgens (100%).
Endometriosis
The cause of increased FSH levels may be endometriosis (80%).
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia and fasting may be the cause of a decrease in FSH levels (80%).
Hyperprolactinemia
The reason for the decrease in FSH levels may be hyperprolactinemia (100%).
Hypopituitarism
The reason for the decrease in FSH levels may be Sheehan's syndrome (hypopituitarism) (100%).
Chronic renal failure
The cause of increased FSH levels may be renal failure (70%).
Obesity
The reason for the decrease in FSH levels may be obesity (80%).
Acute renal failure
The cause of increased FSH levels may be renal failure (70%).
Polycystic ovary syndrome
The cause of a decrease in FSH levels may be polycystic ovary syndrome (100%).
Testicular malignancy
A decrease in FSH levels may be caused by testicular tumors.
Malignant neoplasm of the adrenal gland
The cause of a decrease in FSH levels may be adrenal tumors with increased secretion of estrogens and androgens (100%).
Monocytes
(M)
like neutrophils, they participate in cleansing the body of various aggressors; they usually live on the mucous membranes and in the submucosal layer. Participate in the formation and regulation of the immune response. Their behavior is reminiscent of police officers, because they grab the bacillus and carry it to the lymph node, where “fingerprints” - membranes - are taken from it, and then, based on these data, the Lc produces antibodies - proteins that destroy aggressors. Normally, there are few monocytes in the blood. Their increase indicates inflammation; absence is acceptable if there is no inflammation.
High FSH in women
If it turns out that the FSH hormone is elevated, this means that a female representative is entering menopause. If a woman is of reproductive age and the changes are not normal, the cause of the problem should be sought.
An increase in hormone levels in some cases means:
- detection of premature ovarian failure;
- low ovarian reserve, which symbolizes premature aging of the female organs;
- Turner syndrome;
- absence of internal organs or their malfunction due to alcohol addiction or chemotherapy;
- certain forms of active chronic hepatitis.
Almost all situations are related to the patient’s reproductive function and significantly affect her ability to become pregnant. To eliminate these problems, you should look for the underlying causes of high FSH.
Some actions of the patient can help increase the indicator. The following reasons for the occurrence of elevated levels of the test hormone are identified:
- Taking medications to treat ulcers, using antifungal agents, administering antidiabetic medications. Antiparkinsonian substances, as well as long-term use of vitamin B, become stimulants of failure.
- Constant alcohol intoxication.
- Long-term course of serious diseases provoked by infections and viruses.
In order to normalize this condition, you should consult a doctor for advice and recommendations on how to reduce FSH to a normal level.
How to reduce
In order to reduce the detected level of the test hormone, as is the case with reduced numbers, it is recommended to normalize the diet. It is necessary to completely abandon vegetable oil, remove fish, fatty varieties, and meat from the diet. Stop drinking alcohol.
Increased body weight negatively affects the identification of the norm. Therefore, it is worth taking care of your health and bringing your weight to normal values. It is worth doing active sports.
ESR
(Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
is the only functional indicator that reflects the activity of an inflammatory or autoimmune process in the body. ESR depends on the concentration in the blood of special substances that enter the blood from foci of inflammation. These substances enhance the cohesion (adhesion) of Er, Lc and Tc. Normal ESR for men is no more than 10 mm/hour, for women – no more than 15 mm/hour. These substances are constantly present in the body in small quantities, but in the presence of infection they become more numerous. To keep your blood viscosity normal, you should regularly take blood thinners, such as Trombo ACC, which reduces the stickiness of blood cells. Blood is divided into red and white. Red blood cells, hemoglobin, color index, reticulocytes and platelets are red blood. Leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes – white. Red blood (RB) is responsible for transporting oxygen. A decrease in its parameters indicates a lack of oxygen in the tissues. The synthesis of CK is regulated by the kidneys.
general information
A woman's ovarian cycle and fertility are controlled by LH and FSH, and their secretion is controlled by sex hormones. Luteotropin stimulates ovarian activity to secrete estrogen. Its peak concentration stimulates the ovulatory process, as well as the process of luteinization, when the follicle becomes the corpus luteum (temporary endocrine gland). The corpus luteum produces progesterone, a hormone necessary for the successful attachment of the embryo to the endometrioid layer of the uterus. If implantation has occurred, then LH contributes to the normal functioning of the corpus luteum. LH stimulates the theca cells of the ovaries, which produce androgens (male gonadosteroids) from which estradiol is formed, the most active hormone from the estrogen group.
Under the influence of FSH, follicles form and mature, ovulation occurs with a peak release of follitropin, and libido decreases or increases. Gonadotropic hormones affect regulation, physical development, puberty, the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, the ability to become pregnant, bear and give birth to a child.
Important Additions
Comments are added to any analysis. For example, terms such as “anisocytosis”, “poikilocytosis”, “toxogenic granulation” indicate exposure to various toxins (including antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, analgesics that are taken for too long) and essentially indicate the presence of damaged, altered bone cells brain (BM) - in both red and white blood. The appearance of so-called Joly bodies and Cabot rings in the analysis indicates possible pathological processes in the BM associated with the development of blood cancers. The presence of these structures in itself does not mean anything - only that a more detailed examination of the blood, bone marrow, and leukocytes is required. The article was published in the weekly magazine TV 7 / Your Health, No. 43 2009.
Decrease in indicators
A decrease in the amount of sought-after hormones occurs in the following cases.
Luteinizing hormone:
- failure of the pituitary gland;
- excessive production of prolactin;
- conscious refusal to eat;
- slow growth and puberty;
- use of medications.
Prolactin:
- surgery to remove the pituitary gland;
- radiation therapy;
- treatment with bromocriptine;
- use of thyroxine.
Follicle-stimulating hormone:
- decrease in pituitary activity;
- abnormally short stature;
- metabolic disorders, which is explained by hereditary predisposition;
- conscious refusal to eat, thinness;
- cystic tumor;
- taking certain medications.
DHAE-sulfate:
- delayed sexual development;
- impaired renal function;
- impaired activity of the pituitary gland.
Estradiol:
- delayed physical development, dwarfism, delayed puberty;
- slowdown or complete absence of hormone reproduction;
- disruption of the ovaries due to inherited underdevelopment or damage during birth;
- thinness, conscious refusal of food;
- benign multiple cystic neoplasms;
- the final stage of menopause.
How is the procedure performed?
Blood is drawn in a laboratory by a qualified medical professional. A sterile disposable instrument is used to take samples.
The procedure is carried out as follows:
- a tourniquet is applied to the shoulder;
- the injection site is wiped with a swab moistened with alcohol;
- a needle is inserted into the vein;
- a portion of blood is taken;
- the needle is removed and the wound is pressed with a tampon.
Reasons for deviations
Normal follitropin levels may have deviations due to a number of natural factors:
- when using hormonal medications (contraceptives);
- during menopause;
- if the wrong way of living and eating is carried out;
- during pregnancy and lactation;
- after severe stress;
- when using contraceptives such as patches, spirals, implants.
Low FSH levels
Pathological problems in detecting low follitropin levels may be associated with factors:
- ovarian hypofunction;
- for obesity;
- deficiency of pituitary and hypothalamic function;
- excess prolactin production;
- presence of Sheehan syndrome;
- after surgical interventions;
- with anorexia or starvation (including nervous disorders);
- when consuming estrogen in uncontrolled doses;
- when there are diseases of the adrenal glands (with excess production of glucocorticoids);
- after suffering serious illnesses;
- in case of lead poisoning.
High FSH levels
FSH levels increase when pathological disorders occur in organs:
- in the pituitary lobe and hypothalamus;
- when tumors and cysts appear in the appendages;
- if you have endometriosis (overgrowth of the mucous membranes of the uterus);
- in the presence of hormone-producing neoplasms (of various locations and nature);
- if genetic diseases are observed (Swyer’s, Mereshevsky-Turner’s signs);
- with a symptom of premature dysfunction of the appendages (deficiency of ovarian activity before the age of 40 years).
FSH production is also negatively affected by:
- stressful situations;
- chronic conditions;
- the course of severe inflammatory diseases;
- autoimmune pathologies;
- as a result of chemotherapy;
- addiction;
- alcoholism;
- early sexual development in children, which is characterized by the formation of mammary glands, the appearance of hair on the pubic area and in the armpits, and premature menstruation.
The reason for increasing FSH values may be the use of the following drugs:
- Tamifena;
- antidiabetic;
- Danazol;
- glucocorticoids;
- antifungal drugs;
- Bromocriptine.
Hormonal regulation of erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin helps increase the number of red blood cells. Produced by the kidneys. The optimal value is in the range of 4.2-29.1 mU/ml. Discrepancies indicate anemia, ovarian pathology, and kidney tumors.
Why is erythropoietin needed?
Worth knowing! To identify and treat many pathologies, it will be necessary to take many tests for hormones, the content of which affects the value of other indicators. You cannot figure out on your own what tests you need to take. You should definitely get a referral from a qualified specialist.
